![]() ![]() The character is mapped in Unicode as U+00A9 © COPYRIGHT SIGN. The majority of nations now belong to Berne, and thus do not require copyright notices to obtain copyright. However, the copyright notice remains material in one instance: a copyright infringer cannot claim innocent infringement as a partial defense to mitigate its damages where the infringer had access to a copy of the work that bore a copyright notice. The United States was one of the later accedents to Berne, implementing its adherence to the treaty with the Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988, which became effective March 1, 1989, making the notice optional. ![]() In countries party to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, including the United States, a copyright notice is not required to be displayed in order for copyright to be established rather, the creation of the work automatically establishes copyright. The United States joined the Berne Convention effective March 1, 1989. The notice was once required in order to receive copyright protection in the United States, but in countries respecting the Berne convention this is no longer the case.
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